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Simulate autoimmune retinopathy (AIR) — an antibody-mediated retinal degeneration in which circulating anti-retinal antibodies (anti-recoverin, anti-enolase, anti-transducin, anti-carbonic anhydrase II, anti-TRPM1) attack retinal photoreceptor proteins and signal transduction components. AIR encompasses paraneoplastic forms — cancer-associated retinopathy (CAR, typically small cell lung cancer, breast and gynaecological cancers) where anti-recoverin antibodies cause rod-predominant degeneration, and melanoma-associated retinopathy (MAR) where anti-bipolar cell antibodies create cone-preserving rod loss, night blindness and shimmering photopsias — as well as non-paraneoplastic AIR (npAIR), a progressive autoimmune retinal degeneration without identifiable systemic cancer. Model rod-predominant dysfunction (scotopic vision loss, peripheral ring scotoma, nyctalopia), cone-predominant dysfunction (central acuity loss, dyschromatopsia, photophobia), and combined rod+cone pan-degeneration. Inspect ΔE colour shift, CIE xy chromaticity distortion, and image-level visual degradation. Advanced retinal immunology, neuro-ophthalmology, and paraneoplastic syndrome research tool.

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Base color
AIR dysfunction model & settings
Severity / antibody titre effect 50%
Image simulation
Upload JPG/PNG (max 1200 × 1200). See how a scene would appear under rod-predominant, cone-predominant, or combined AIR dysfunction.
Research notes
Autoimmune retinopathy (AIR) is a heterogeneous group of rare immune-mediated retinal degenerations caused by circulating antibodies that target retinal proteins critical for phototransduction and cellular survival. The prototype is cancer-associated retinopathy (CAR), first described by Sawyer et al. in 1976, where anti-recoverin antibodies trigger apoptosis in rods and cones — recoverin being the Ca²⁺-binding protein essential for adaptation of the phototransduction cascade. CAR is typically paraneoplastic (small cell lung cancer, uterine, cervical, or breast cancer) and may precede the oncological diagnosis. Melanoma-associated retinopathy (MAR) targets a bipolar cell calcium channel (TRPM1/mGluR6 pathway) — thus primarily affecting rod bipolar cell transmission, producing rod-predominant dysfunction, positive photopsias, and nyctalopia with preserved photopic (cone) vision in early stages. Non-paraneoplastic AIR (npAIR) presents similarly to CAR but without identifiable systemic malignancy; patients may have other autoimmune conditions (thyroid disease, inflammatory bowel disease). The anti-retinal antibody specificity determines which photoreceptor subtypes and retinal layers are preferentially damaged, and thus the clinical visual phenotype.
Swatches
Normal
HEX: — • RGB: — • xy: —
AIR affected
HEX: — • RGB: — • xy: —
ΔE (CIE76)
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ΔE (CIEDE2000)
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Deep preview
Normal
AIR (deep)
Chromaticity (CIE xy)
Antibody dysfunction chromaticity shift
D65 white point: 0.313, 0.329
Image simulation

Autoimmune retinopathy simulations model antibody-mediated photoreceptor dysfunction (anti-recoverin, anti-enolase, anti-TRPM1) using rod/cone channel weighting in the sRGB colour space. True AIR produces complex spatial visual field defects (ring scotoma, central island, peripheral constriction) not fully reproducible as a uniform colour shift — this tool provides colour science approximations of the photoreceptor dysfunction for educational and research purposes. ΔE2000 per Sharma et al. (2005). Not for clinical diagnosis — AIR requires ERG, visual field testing, and anti-retinal antibody serology. New visual loss requires urgent ophthalmic and medical evaluation.

Multi-condition comparison
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Compare rod-predominant, cone-predominant and combined AIR patterns across multiple severity grades. Image simulation applies the dysfunction profile to uploaded scenes.